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extensio et progressio / authentic e-learning
e-VVM Based Vaccine Management Course
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Ümit Kartoglu
Julie Milstien
Ticky Raubenheimer
Denis Maire
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Adopting global vaccine management policies for national use
This document aims to help programmes develop national policies and proceduresrelated to vaccine management. It is especially intended for EPI managers and national logisticians who will start this process by writing national policies for immunization services; writing procedures for their implementation; andpreparing implementation and evaluation plans.
World Health Organization
Assessing the potency of oral polio vaccine kept outside of the cold chain…
This study is the first systematic documentation of the potency of monovalent oral polio vaccine type 3 (mOPV3) kept at ambient temperatures during a polio immunization campaign in Chad. During the study test vials were exposed to temperatures of up to 47.1 ◦C, and kept outside of the 2–8 ◦C range for a maximum of 86.9 hours. This study provides proof-of-concept evidence that certain types of OPV remain potent and thus can be kept, for limited periods of time, as well as administered at ambient temperatures.
Simona Zipursky
et al.
Ensuring the quality of vaccines at country level
Specifically developed for countries procuring theirvaccines through UNICEF, and aims at all programme and regulatory authority personnel at country level, UNICEF and WHO country staff as well as staff of partner and support agencies, and all who handle, store and use vaccines. The guidelines describe the procedures necessary for ensuring vaccine quality from the moment when production starts until the time of administration. Some of the procedures described can be applied to any country, wherever they obtain their vaccines, while others are specific to UNICEF vaccine supply procedures.
World Health Organization
Five senses
Published for the making of 10th year anniversary of VVM introduction (2007). The book contains interviews with key people in VVM development, and stories from the field. Rich in visuals and gives full history of VVM development and implementation. It also lists countries, organizations, agencies, industries and individuals who were awarded with recognition certification for the event.
10th year anniversary
Getting started with VVMs
Practical book in a Q&A style. Reviews the issues of how a vaccine vial monitor works, advantages and costs, getting started with vaccine vial monitors, training, and impact on programme operations in 38 questions and answers.
World Health Organization
Interpretation of temperature monitoring devices in international shipments
Temperature monitoring devices in international shipments are critical tools inconfirming whether the product was exposed to any temperature above and/or below the defined temperature range. These devices help the consignee to identify the problem, provide information to understand the severity of the occurrence and together with UNICEF and furthermore with WHO to come to a decision of acceptance or rejection. This document provide guidelines on how to interpret the readings when there are more than one device in a shipment.
World Health Organization
Monitoring vaccine wastage at country level
This document reviews the factors affecting vaccine wastage and discusses the tools available for reducing wastage and their relationships to each other, with the aim of providing assistance to programme managers to establish a system for monitoring vaccine wastage as a programme quality indicator.
Umit Kartoglu
Multi-dose vial policy (MDVP)
The intention of this policy brief is to define the conditions that must be followed to safely handle opened multi-dose vaccine vials, enabling vaccinators to understand which opened vaccine vials should be discarded within six hours after opening and which can be kept for use in subsequent immunization sessions for up to 28 days.
WHO Policy Statement
Quality of the cold chain
First joint WHO-UNICEF policy statement on the use of vaccine vial monitors in immunization services.
WHO and UNICEF
Small labels with an immense impact
This publication serves as a guide to the broad range of stakeholders who have voiced an interest in understanding how to efficiently build and manage technologies and partnerships (which includes a chapter on VVMs). These case studies focus on the underlying relationships and transactions that drive each project. They assess the people and organizations required, how and when these relationships were formed, the respective roles of the participants, the hurdles in bringing them together, and the time and other resources required to make the project happen.
Alliance for Case Studies for Global Health
Temperature sensitivity of diphtheria containing vaccines
The chapter analyses the impact of high and low temperature exposures on diphtheria containing vaccines and discusses temperature control requirements. The chapter details how cool water packs, vaccine vial monitors and shake test can effectively be used in order to ensure quality of the vaccines.
Umit Kartoglu
Temperature sensitivity of vaccines
The document describes the issues related to vaccine stabilization, with emphasis on theprojected evolution of the cold chain to protect vaccines both from heat and cold exposure. It also details the stability of vaccines that are currently commonly used in national immunization programmes. It provides a summary taking into consideration the future evolution of the cold chain and of future vaccines, and attempting to predict applicability of the information provided here to the immunization worker in the field.
Julie Milstien
Umit Kartoglu
Michel Zaffran
Tools and approaches to ensure quality of vaccines throughout the cold chain
Recent changes to vaccines and vaccine handling include development and introduction of new vaccines with a wide range of characteristics, improvement of heat stability of several basic vaccines, observation of vaccine freezing as a real threat, development of regulatory pathways for both vaccine development and the supply chain, and emergence of new temperature monitoring devices that can pinpoint and avoid problems. With such tools, public health groups have now encouraged development of vaccines labeled for use in flexible cold chains and these tools should be considered for future systems.
Umit Kartoglu
Julie Milstien
Use of Cool Water Packs To Prevent Freezing During Vaccine Transportation at the Country Level
This study was designed to evaluate the impact of the use of cool water packs (water packs refrigerated at 2 to 8°C) on the cold life of vaccine transport boxes and the shelf life of the vaccines. The use of cool water packs is found to be a legitimate and safe practice for vaccines other than oral polio vaccine, so that cool water packs can safely replace frozen icepacks without any serious consequences on the ability of vaccines to confer protection against disease.
Umit Kartoglu
et al.
Using oral polio vaccine beyond the cold chain
First systematic documentation of using oral polio vaccine (OPV) out of the cold chain during national immunization day (NID) campaigns in Mali. Using a crossover intervention design, vaccinators compared the transport of OPV in vaccine carriers with or without ice packs. Vaccine integrity was assured through monitoring vaccine vial monitor (VVM) status…
Ariana Halm
et al.
Vaccine stock management: Guidelines on stock records for immunization programme and vaccine store managers
Prepared in support of the WHO-UNICEF EVSM initiative to help immunization programme managers and responsible staff at the primary and intermediate storage facilities with standard stock control tool. It reviews the necessity of information to be recorded and provides standard approaches in recording and reporting processes. It also provides examples on how to fill in forms recommended in the manual.
Ahmet Afsar
Umit Kartoglu
Vaccine vial monitors: Access to devices
This case study examines the story of creating access for vaccine vial monitors.It begins with calls in 1979 to create a new kind of technology for monitoring temperature exposure of individual vaccine vials, then follows the phases of product development, introduction on the oral polio vaccine (beginning in 1996) and scaling up for other vaccines (beginning in 2001). The case shows how VVMs contributed to decreased vaccine wastage and improved health workers’ ability to vaccinate hard-to-reach populations based on changes in the cold chain protocol.
Laura J. Frost
Michael R. Reich
Vaccine vial monitor: PQS performance specifications
This specification describes the performance requirements for a Vaccine VialMonitor (VVM) suitable for application to a vaccine vial by a vaccine manufacturer.
World Health Organization
VVM assignments and their proper handling
This information bulletin addresses the varied implications of different types of vaccine vial monitors (VVMs), notably VVM category type 7 (VVM7) and VVM category type 14 (VVM14), on vaccines such as the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) and the fully-liquid Diphtheria-Tetanus- whole cell Pertussis-Hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTP-HepB-Hib, commonly referred to as pentavalent).
World Health Organization
WHO-UNICEF policy statement on the implementation of VVMs
Issued in 2007 for marking the 10 years of successful implementation of vaccine vial monitors, the WHO-UNICEF statement calls upon all self-procuring Member States to include VVM among the minimum requirements for vaccine purchase agreements as well as urges the donor agencies to adopt a policy explicitly calling VVM as a minimum standard in every vaccine donation. The statement further recommends all Member States to consider adoption of policies permitting the use of vaccines beyond the cold chain.
WHO-UNICEF
